Internet, WWW & Computer Networks: 100 Questions & Answers

Internet, World Wide Web (WWW), Networking Concepts (LAN, WAN, MAN), IP Addressing, Protocols, Network Security, aur Web BrowsersW & Basic Networking Concepts (25 Questions)

1. Question: Internet kya hai? Answer: Internet duniya bhar ke millions of computer networks ka ek interconnected global network hai jo TCP/IP protocol suite ka use karta hai.

2. Question: World Wide Web (WWW) kya hai aur iske aavishkarak kaun hain? Answer: WWW internet par sthit web pages aur documents ka ek collection hai jise HTTP dwara access kiya jata hai; iska aavishkar Tim Berners-Lee ne 1989 mein kiya tha.

3. Question: Internet ka sabse pehla version/network kaun sa tha? Answer: ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), jise US Department of Defense ne 1969 mein viksit kiya tha.

4. Question: Internet aur World Wide Web (WWW) mein kya mukhya antar hai? Answer: Internet physical network infrastructure hai (hardware, cables, routers), jabki WWW internet par chalne wali ek service hai (web pages aur websites).

5. Question: Network Protocol kya hota hai? Answer: Network par do ya do se adhik devices ke beech data communication ke liye tay kiye gaye niyam (rules and standards) ka set.

6. Question: Client-Server Architecture kya hota hai? Answer: Ek network model jahan Client device (jaise aapka browser) request bhejta hai aur Server device (jaise Google server) us request ka response/data deta hai.

7. Question: Bandwidth kya darshata hai? Answer: Network connection ki ek nishchit samay (per second) mein maximum data transfer karne ki kshamta (capacity).

8. Question: Network speed ko napne ki primary units kya hain? Answer: bps (bits per second), Mbps (Megabits per second), aur Gbps (Gigabits per second).

9. Question: Modem ka full form aur primary kaam kya hai? Answer: Modulator-Demodulator; yeh Analog signals ko Digital signals mein aur Digital ko Analog mein convert karta hai.

10. Question: Router ka network mein kya role hai? Answer: Do alag-alag networks (jaise LAN aur Internet) ko jodna aur data packets ko shortest path par route/direct karna.

11. Question: Network Hub aur Switch mein kya antar hai? Answer: Hub incoming data ko sabhi connected ports par broadcast karta hai (unintelligent), jabki Switch specific target device ke MAC address par hi data bhejta hai (intelligent).

12. Question: ISP ka full form kya hai? Answer: Internet Service Provider (jaise Jio, Airtel, BSNL).

13. Question: URL ka full form kya hota hai aur iske main parts kaun se hain? Answer: Uniform Resource Locator; iske parts hain: Protocol (https://), Subdomain (www), Domain Name (example.com), aur Path (/about).

14. Question: Domain Name System (DNS) kya karta hai? Answer: Human-readable domain names (jaise google.com) ko IP addresses (jaise 142.250.190.46) mein translate/convert karta hai.

15. Question: Top-Level Domains (TLD) ke udaharan .com, .org, .gov, .in kya darshate hain? Answer: .com = Commercial, .org = Organization, .gov = Government, .in = India (Country code TLD).

16. Question: Web Page aur Web Site mein kya fark hai? Answer: Web Page ek single HTML document hota hai, jabki Web Site kai related web pages ka sangrah/collection hoti hai.

17. Question: Website ka Homepage kya hota hai? Answer: Kisi website ka sabse pehla/default main page jo URL enter karne par khulta hai.

18. Question: Hyperlink kya hoti hai? Answer: Web page par text ya image jis par click karne se doosra page ya document khulta hai.

19. Question: HTML ka full form kya hai aur iska kya kaam hai? Answer: HyperText Markup Language; yeh web pages ke structure aur content ko design/create karne ki bhasha hai.

20. Question: HTTP aur HTTPS mein kya mukhya antar hai? Answer: HTTP plain text mein data bhejta hai (unsecure), jabki HTTPS data ko SSL/TLS encryption dwara secure karta hai (Port $443$).

21. Question: Intranet, Extranet, aur Internet mein kya farak hai? Answer: Intranet = Private organization-only network, Extranet = Private network extended to trusted partners, Internet = Public global network.

22. Question: Packet Switching concept kya hai? Answer: Data ko chote-chote tukdon (packets) mein baant kar alag-alag routes se destination tak bhejna aur wahan dobara reassemble karna.

23. Question: Gateway device ka upyog kyun hota hai? Answer: Do bilkul alag-alag protocols ya architectures wale networks ko aapas mein communicate karwane ke liye.

24. Question: Firewall ka primary function kya hai? Answer: Unauthorized access aur malicious traffic ko network ke andar aane ya bahar jaane se rokna (Security Barrier).

25. Question: Wi-Fi ka full form kya hai aur yeh kin radio frequencies par kaam karta hai? Answer: Wireless Fidelity; yeh mukhya roop se $2.4\text{ GHz}$ aur $5\text{ GHz}$ frequency bands par kaam karta hai.

Part 2: Network Types, Topologies & Transmission Media (25 Questions)

26. Question: LAN ka full form kya hai aur iska coverage area kitna hota hai? Answer: Local Area Network; ek chote bhautik kshetra (jaise office, ghar, ya room) tak simit ($1\text{ km}$ ke andar).

27. Question: WAN ka full form kya hai aur iska sabse bada udaharan kaun sa hai? Answer: Wide Area Network; jo pure desh ya duniya ko cover karta hai (Sabse bada example = Internet).

28. Question: MAN ka full form kya hai? Answer: Metropolitan Area Network (jaise ek poore city ka Cable TV network).

29. Question: PAN ka full form kya hai aur iska ek example dein? Answer: Personal Area Network; bahut kam range ($10\text{ meters}$) ke devices ke liye (Example: Bluetooth connection).

30. Question: WLAN kya hota hai? Answer: Wireless Local Area Network (Wi-Fi dwara banaya gaya LAN).

31. Question: Network Topology kya hoti hai? Answer: Network mein devices/nodes ke aapsi physical ya logical arrangement (layout) ko topology kehte hain.

32. Question: Bus Topology ka mukhya dhanga kya hai? Answer: Sabhi devices ek hi single central cable (Backbone Cable) se judi hoti hain jiske dono ends par Terminator hote hain.

33. Question: Star Topology mein sabhi nodes kisse judi hoti hain? Answer: Ek Central Controller device se (jise Hub ya Switch kehte hain).

34. Question: Ring Topology mein data kis tarah travel karta hai? Answer: Data ek hi direction (Unidirectional) mein circular loop ke roop mein Token Passing ke zariye travel karta hai.

35. Question: Mesh Topology ka kya fayda hai aur $n$ devices ke liye kitne links chahiye? Answer: High Redundancy aur Reliability; Full Mesh mein $\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$ physical links hote hain.

36. Question: Tree Topology kin do topologies ka combination hai? Answer: Bus Topology aur Star Topology ka.

37. Question: Guided Media aur Unguided Media mein kya fark hai? Answer: Guided Media = Wired connections (Cables), Unguided Media = Wireless signals (Radio Waves, Infrared).

38. Question: Twisted Pair Cable mein konse connectors use hote hain? Answer: RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) connector.

39. Question: Coaxial Cable ka sabse common upyog kahan hota hai? Answer: Cable TV networks aur purane Ethernet LANs mein.

40. Question: Fiber Optic Cable mein data kis roop mein travel karta hai? Answer: Light Pulses ke roop mein (Total Internal Reflection principle par, bahut fast speed).

41. Question: Infrared wireless transmission ki kya limitation hai? Answer: Yeh Line-of-Sight transmission hai aur deewaron (solid obstacles) ko paar nahi kar sakta (jaise TV Remote).

42. Question: Ethernet LAN standard ka IEEE code kya hai? Answer: IEEE 802.3

43. Question: Wi-Fi (Wireless LAN) standard ka IEEE code kya hai? Answer: IEEE 802.11

44. Question: Bluetooth standard ka IEEE code kya hai? Answer: IEEE 802.15.1

45. Question: Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network Architecture kya hoti hai? Answer: Ek aisa network jahan har computer/node ke paas samaan rights hote hain (koi dedicated central server nahi hota).

46. Question: NIC ka full form kya hai? Answer: Network Interface Card (Ethernet Card).

47. Question: MAC Address kya hota hai aur yeh kitne bit ka hota hai? Answer: Media Access Control Address — hardware ka permanent physical address ($48\text{-bit}$ ya $6\text{ bytes}$ Hexadecimal format mein).

48. Question: Network connectivity test karne ke liye kaun sa command use hota hai? Answer: ping command (e.g., ping google.com).

49. Question: Data packet ke destination tak pahunchne ke raste (hops) ko trace karne ka command kya hai? Answer: tracert (Windows mein) ya traceroute (Linux/macOS mein).

50. Question: Computer ka IP Address check karne ke liye Command Prompt par kya type karte hain? Answer: ipconfig (Windows mein) ya ifconfig / ip a (Linux mein).

Part 3: IP Addressing, Protocols & Security (25 Questions)

51. Question: IP Address kya hota hai? Answer: Internet Protocol Address; network par jude har device ko milne wala unique logical address.

52. Question: IPv4 address ka format aur size kya hota hai? Answer: $32\text{-bit}$ size; 4 octets (numbers $0-255$) dot separation ke saath (e.g., $192.168.1.1$).

53. Question: IPv6 address ka format aur size kya hota hai? Answer: $128\text{-bit}$ size; 8 groups of Hexadecimal numbers colon separation ke saath (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334).

54. Question: IPv6 ki zaroorat kyun padi? Answer: Internet par devices ki sankhya tezi se badhne ke karan IPv4 addresses khatam ho rahe the.

55. Question: Static IP aur Dynamic IP mein kya antar hai? Answer: Static IP hamesha fixed rehta hai, jabki Dynamic IP har baar network restart hone par badal sakta hai (DHCPdwara assign hota hai).

56. Question: DHCP ka full form aur kaam kya hai? Answer: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol; network devices ko automatically IP address assign karta hai.

57. Question: Loopback IP Address kya hota hai? Answer: $127.0.0.1$ (Localhost) — local machine ke network testing ke liye.

58. Question: Subnet Mask ka kya upyog hota hai? Answer: IP Address ke Network Portion aur Host Portion ko alag-alag identify karne ke liye.

59. Question: OSI Model mein kul kitni layers hoti hain? Answer: $7$ Layers (Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application).

60. Question: TCP/IP Model mein main layers kaun si hain? Answer: $4$ Layers (Network Access, Internet, Transport, Application).

61. Question: TCP aur UDP protocols mein kya mukhya antar hai? Answer: TCP = Connection-oriented, Reliable, Slower; UDP = Connectionless, Unreliable, Faster (used in streaming/gaming).

62. Question: FTP ka full form aur Port number kya hai? Answer: File Transfer Protocol; files upload/download ke liye (Ports $20$ & $21$).

63. Question: SMTP protocol kis kaam aata hai? Answer: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; Emails ko Send (भेजने) karne ke liye (Port $25$).

64. Question: POP3 aur IMAP Protocols mein kya antar hai? Answer: Both receive email; POP3 emails download karke local machine par save karta hai, IMAP server par hi sync rakhta hai.

65. Question: SSH (Secure Shell) ka upyog kyun hota hai? Answer: Encrypted aur Secure remote login ke liye (Port $22$).

66. Question: VPN (Virtual Private Network) ka primary use kya hai? Answer: Public internet par encrypted tunnel bana kar user ki identity conceal aur secure connection provide karna.

67. Question: Proxy Server kya hota hai? Answer: Client aur Internet ke beech ek intermediary server jo requests filter karta hai aur IP mask kar sakta hai.

68. Question: NAT ka full form aur kaam kya hai? Answer: Network Address Translation; Local Private IP addresses ko single Public IP address mein translate karta hai.

69. Question: Virus, Worm, aur Trojan Horse mein kya farak hai? Answer: Virus = host file chahiye; Worm = self-replicating (bina host ke failta hai); Trojan = legitimate software ki tarah disguised rehta hai.

70. Question: Phishing Attack kya hota hai? Answer: Fake email ya website ke zariye users ko dhokha dekar unke sensitive data (passwords, banking details) churana.

71. Question: DDoS Attack ka full form aur matlab kya hai? Answer: Distributed Denial of Service; target server par multiple systems se itna fake traffic bhejna ki server crash ho jaye.

72. Question: SSL/TLS Certificate kya hota hai? Answer: Website aur user ke browser ke beech data transmission ko encrypt karne wala digital certificate (HTTPS icon/padlock).

73. Question: Web Cookies kya hoti hain? Answer: Browser dwara user ke system par save chhote text files jo login session aur preferences record karte hain.

74. Question: Symmetric encryption aur Asymmetric encryption mein kya antar hai? Answer: Symmetric mein same key se encryption/decryption hota hai; Asymmetric mein Public key (encryption) aur Private key (decryption) hoti hain.

75. Question: DNS Spoofing / Poisoning kya hoti hai? Answer: DNS Cache mein galat IP enter karke user ko malicious fake website par redirect karna.

Part 4: Web Browsers, Search Engines & Web Technologies (25 Questions)

76. Question: Web Browser kya hota hai? Answer: Ek Application Software jo World Wide Web se HTML documents aur web pages ko retrieve aur display karta hai.

77. Question: Duniya ka sabse pehla Graphical Web Browser kaun sa tha? Answer: NCSA Mosaic (1993 mein release hua).

78. Question: Modern Web Browsers ke popular examples kaun se hain? Answer: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Microsoft Edge, Opera, Brave.

79. Question: Rendering Engine / Browser Engine ka kya kaam hai? Answer: HTML, CSS, aur JavaScript code को render karke visual web page screen par dikhana (e.g., Blink, Gecko, WebKit).

80. Question: Browser Cache / Temporary Internet Files kya hote hain? Answer: Web images aur files ka local storage jo agli baar website ko fast load hone mein madad karta hai.

81. Question: Bookmarks / Favorites feature ka kya upyog hai? Answer: Frequently visited websites ke links ko save karna taaki unhe baad mein direct access kiya ja sake.

82. Question: Incognito Mode / Private Browsing mode mein kya hota hai? Answer: History, Cookies, aur Form data user ke local browser mein save nahi hota.

83. Question: Web Extensions / Add-ons kya hote hain? Answer: Chote software programs jo browser ke features aur functionality ko badhate hain (e.g., AdBlocker).

84. Question: Search Engine aur Web Browser mein kya fark hai? Answer: Browser web pages open karne ka tool hai (e.g., Chrome), jabki Search Engine internet par information khojne ka web application hai (e.g., Google).

85. Question: Web Crawlers / Spiders kya hote hain? Answer: Search Engine ke automated bots jo web pages par ja kar unke content ko index karte hain.

86. Question: Popular Search Engines ke udaharan dein? Answer: Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo!, Baidu, Yandex.

87. Question: Web Server kya hota hai? Answer: Ek computer system jo websites ke files, images, aur database ko host karta hai aur HTTP requests par user tak pahunchata hai.

88. Question: Web Hosting kya hai? Answer: Website files ko internet par $24 \times 7$ accessible banane ke liye server space rent par lene ki service.

89. Question: Client-side Scripting aur Server-side Scripting mein mukhya antar? Answer: Client-side (e.g., JavaScript) user ke browser par execute hoti hai; Server-side (e.g., PHP, Python) web server par run hoti hai.

90. Question: CSS ka full form aur purpose kya hai? Answer: Cascading Style Sheets; web pages ke visual presentation, colors, layout aur styling ko format karne ke liye.

91. Question: Responsive Web Design (RWD) ka kya matlab hai? Answer: Web page ka design automatic roop se Desktop, Tablet, aur Mobile screen sizes ke hisab se adjust ho jana.

92. Question: Common Port Numbers: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SSH? Answer: HTTP = Port $80$, HTTPS = Port $443$, FTP = Port $21$, SSH = Port $22$.

93. Question: Web error 404 Not Found ka kya matlab hota hai? Answer: Requested URL ya Web Page server par mil nahi raha hai ya delete ho gaya hai.

94. Question: Web error 500 Internal Server Error kya darshata hai? Answer: Server side par koi internal glitch/issue hai jisse request poori nahi ho pa rahi.

95. Question: Web error 403 Forbidden ka kya matlab hai? Answer: User ko us specific resource/page ko view karne ki permission nahi hai.

96. Question: Current web page ko Bookmark karne ki shortcut key kya hai? Answer: Ctrl + D

97. Question: Browser mein Clear Browsing Data (History, Cookies, Cache) dialog kholne ki shortcut key? Answer: Ctrl + Shift + Delete

98. Question: Galti se band hue last tab ko dobara Reopen karne ki shortcut key kya hai? Answer: Ctrl + Shift + T

99. Question: Web page ko Hard Refresh (Cache bypass karke reload) karne ki shortcut key? Answer: Ctrl + F5 (ya Ctrl + Shift + R).

100. Question: Active Tab ko close karne aur naya Tab kholne ki shortcut keys? Answer: New Tab = Ctrl + T, Close Tab = Ctrl + W.